yes, and the important word here is "EXPENDING". many people make only a little effort to learn makharij and tajwid, especially women in the subcon. when they find tajwid difficult and feel they have already tried enough — though in reality they haven’t — they stop and remain like that for the rest of their lives. so, in reality, the majority of people are not excused.
yes. even if he does not have a fistful of beard because eid and jumu'ah cannot be prayed in a private congregation. we pray with 6 extra takbirs - they pray with 12 extra takbirs. yes, if the shafiyi imam does not have consideration for wajibat of hanafis, one cannot pray. thus if the wudu is made such that the mash/wiping of the head is only one hair (permissible according to shawafiy) the fard is not fulfilled according to hanafis. similarly washing the nostrils is fard in ghusl - else, the person is deemed to not be ritually pure in our madh'hab. Allah ta'ala knows best.
however, if he is unable to learn even after expending his best efforts, he is excused. he can learn those verses or aayats that do not have letters that he cannot pronounce. fatawa ridawiyah 6/253:
Is it permitted for hanafi to pray 'Eidayn behind shafiyi sunni imam (assuming that the shafiyi imam fulfills all hanafi pre-requisites such as beard etc.)? I was once caught in the situation in the US (my first Eid outside India) and the sheer number of extra takbeers left me so thoroughly confused that I didn't even know that salah had ended. Are there similar such irreconcilable situations that others can point to? Are there disagreements on method of sajda sahw, purification ritual (someone here had pointed a key difference with malikis with respect to washing any blood/najs etc.) that can invalidate salah behind non-hanafi imam?
and it is farD ʿayn on him to learn correct tajwid, especially the makharij of the huruf. it remains farD ʿayn for him regardless of age until he learns the correct makharij and basic rules of tajwid.
this is not at all an issue of concern. one becomes a fasiq (in our madh'hab) ONLY if he trims or shaves the beard - but not if he does not have hair naturally.
if the person who is praying behind the imam does not have better tajwid than the imam, he need not repeat it and it is wajib on him to pray behind the shafiyi (sunni) imam. because correct tajwid is more important than long beard. and since the person cannot pray with proper tajwid himself, it is wajib on him to pray behind someone who recites correctly. also, this is a matter of ijtihad and not even a part of the salat itself - so repeating is not required in general. even though, i repeat it myself, i do not tell others to repeat it (assuming those who have prayed have proper tajwid). alahazrat did mention that all four madh'habs have this ruling - but at the same time, since alahazrat is a hanafi mufti, his opinion will not be given precedence in the shafiyi madh'hab above shafiyi muftis themselves. (this is also a usuli point alahazrat has himself mentioned). i have spoken to many shafiyi muftis and a fistful of beard is not wajib in their madh'hab. hence praying behind a shafiyi (sunni) imam with a shorter beard is not an impediment for hanafis, so long as he considers the fard and wajib within the salat according to hanafis. (see alahazrat's fatwa on praying behind a shafiyi in tarawih). Allah ta'ala knows best.
I have seen Shafi3is give justification that what about far eastern people like Indonesian, Filipinos, Chinese, Japanese etc. who do not naturally have dense beards like Arabs and desis and can’t keep fistful, or what if one of them follows Hanafi school, sure he can say he has the niyyah but he will feel mahroom and left out of the blessing (my take: much like how poor people can feel left out of the blessing of charity done by pious rich people vide Hadith)
Is it necessary for a hanafi to repeat if he prays behind a sunni shafi keeping a short beard following the ruling of one-fist beard not being wajib in their madhhab?
